Abstract: Aimed at the security problems that the session between tag and card reader in RFID system is easy to be eavesdropped by attackers, a method based on R_LWE encryption and decryption of RFID two-way authentication protocol is proposed. The protocol adopted R_LWE cryptosystem to implement encryption and introduce cross synthesis operation, which could ensure security and reduce computing overhead. Combined with different attack types, logical formal analysis and comprehensive analysis from the perspective of performance, it shows that the protocol in this paper has the advantages of high security level and small amount of calculation.